Chu's Space

转载地址：
http://www.voland.com.cn/debian-lenny-upgrade-to-squeeze-from-a-common-source-and

第一步：修改更新源为debian 6.0
$sudo vi /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ squeeze main non-free contrib
deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ squeeze-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb http://security.debian.org/ squeeze/updates main
deb-src http://security.debian.org/ squeeze/updates main
第二步：更新源及软件包

$sudo apt-get update
$sudo apt-get install apt dpkg aptitude
$sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

第三步：重启查看
$sudo reboot
$sudo lsb_release -a
$sudo netstat -tulpn
$sudo tail -f /var/log/messages
$sudo other log files for linuxany.com
$uname -a

==================Debian 5 中常用的源====================
# sohu
deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/debian lenny main non-free contrib
deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/debian lenny-proposed-updates main contrib non-free
deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/debian-security lenny/updates main contrib non-free
#######################################
deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/debian lenny main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/debian lenny-proposed-updates main contrib non-free
deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/debian-security lenny/updates main contrib non-free
#美国
deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian lenny main contrib non-free
deb http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US lenny/non-US main contrib non-free
deb http://security.debian.org lenny/updates main contrib non-free
# 163
deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ lenny main contrib non-free
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian lenny main contrib non-free
# 官方
#######################################
deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ lenny main contrib non-free
deb-src http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ lenny main contrib non-free
#######################################
deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ lenny main contrib non-free
deb-src http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ lenny main contrib non-free
# 台湾及大陆教育网高校等
deb http://ftp.tw.debian.org/debian/ lenny main contrib non-free
deb-src http://ftp.tw.debian.org/debian lenny main contrib non-free
#######################################
deb http://mirrors.geekbone.org/debian/ lenny main contrib non-free
deb-src http://mirrors.geekbone.org/debian/ lenny main contrib non-free
#######################################
deb http://mirror.dlut.edu.cn/debian/ lenny main contrib non-free
deb-src http://mirror.dlut.edu.cn/debian/ lenny main contrib non-free
#######################################
deb http://debian.csie.ntu.edu.tw/debian/ lenny main contrib non-free
deb-src http://debian.csie.ntu.edu.tw/debian/ lenny main contrib non-free
#######################################
deb http://mirrors.kernel.org/debian lenny main contrib
deb http://packages.dotdeb.org lenny all

==================Debian 6 中常用的源====================
# 官方这个ftp的源速度很快（将http改为ftp也可）
deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ squeeze main non-free contrib
deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ squeeze-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
#######################################
deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ squeeze main non-free contrib
deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ squeeze-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
# 官方安全更新的源
deb http://security.debian.org/ squeeze/updates main
deb-src http://security.debian.org/ squeeze/updates main
# 这个台湾的源速度一直就很不错
deb http://debian.nctu.edu.tw/debian/ squeeze main non-free contrib
deb http://debian.nctu.edu.tw/debian/ squeeze-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
# 另一个台湾的源
#deb http://ftp.tw.debian.org/debian/ squeeze main non-free contrib
#deb http://ftp.tw.debian.org/debian/ squeeze-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
#deb http://ftp.tw.debian.org/debian-multimedia/ squeeze main non-free
# 上海交大的源
deb http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/debian/ squeeze main non-free contrib
deb http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/debian/ squeeze-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/debian-security/ squeeze/updates main non-free contrib
# 163的源
deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ squeeze main non-free contrib
deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ squeeze-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian-security/ squeeze/updates main non-free contrib

1. / – Root
Every single file and directory starts from the root directory.
Only root user has write privilege under this directory.
Please note that /root is root user’s home directory, which is not same as /.

2. /bin – User Binaries
Contains binary executables.
Common linux commands you need to use in single-user modes are located under this directory.
Commands used by all the users of the system are located here.
For example: ps, ls, ping, grep, cp.

3. /sbin – System Binaries
Just like /bin, /sbin also contains binary executables.
But, the linux commands located under this directory are used typically by system aministrator, for system maintenance purpose.
For example: iptables, reboot, fdisk, ifconfig, swapon

4. /etc – Configuration Files
Contains configuration files required by all programs.
This also contains startup and shutdown shell scripts used to start/stop individual programs.
For example: /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/logrotate.conf

5. /dev – Device Files
Contains device files.
These include terminal devices, usb, or any device attached to the system.
For example: /dev/tty1, /dev/usbmon0

6. /proc – Process Information
Contains information about system process.
This is a pseudo filesystem contains information about running process. For example: /proc/{pid} directory contains information about the process with that particular pid.
This is a virtual filesystem with text information about system resources. For example: /proc/uptime

7. /var – Variable Files
var stands for variable files.
Content of the files that are expected to grow can be found under this directory.
This includes — system log files (/var/log); packages and database files (/var/lib); emails (/var/mail); print queues (/var/spool); lock files (/var/lock); temp files needed across reboots (/var/tmp);

8. /tmp – Temporary Files
Directory that contains temporary files created by system and users.
Files under this directory are deleted when system is rebooted.

9. /usr – User Programs
Contains binaries, libraries, documentation, and source-code for second level programs.
/usr/bin contains binary files for user programs. If you can’t find a user binary under /bin, look under /usr/bin. For example: at, awk, cc, less, scp
/usr/sbin contains binary files for system administrators. If you can’t find a system binary under /sbin, look under /usr/sbin. For example: atd, cron, sshd, useradd, userdel
/usr/lib contains libraries for /usr/bin and /usr/sbin
/usr/local contains users programs that you install from source. For example, when you install apache from source, it goes under /usr/local/apache2

10. /home – Home Directories
Home directories for all users to store their personal files.
For example: /home/john, /home/nikita

11. /boot – Boot Loader Files
Contains boot loader related files.
Kernel initrd, vmlinux, grub files are located under /boot
For example: initrd.img-2.6.32-24-generic, vmlinuz-2.6.32-24-generic

12. /lib – System Libraries
Contains library files that supports the binaries located under /bin and /sbin
Library filenames are either ld* or lib*.so.*
For example: ld-2.11.1.so, libncurses.so.5.7

13. /opt – Optional add-on Applications
opt stands for optional.
Contains add-on applications from individual vendors.
add-on applications should be installed under either /opt/ or /opt/ sub-directory.

14. /mnt – Mount Directory
Temporary mount directory where sysadmins can mount filesystems.

15. /media – Removable Media Devices
Temporary mount directory for removable devices.
For examples, /media/cdrom for CD-ROM; /media/floppy for floppy drives; /media/cdrecorder for CD writer

16. /srv – Service Data
srv stands for service.
Contains server specific services related data.
For example, /srv/cvs contains CVS related data.

转自：http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2010/09/linux-file-system-structure/

在网上看到的一张Ubuntu 11.10的快捷方式，发到这里备份一下。

下载地址：

1.根据自己的系统版本添加源

10.10： deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/happyaron/ppa/ubuntu maverick main
10.04： deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/happyaron/ppa/ubuntu lucid main
9.10： deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/happyaron/ppa/ubuntu karmic main
9.04： deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/happyaron/ppa/ubuntu jaunty main
8.10： deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/happyaron/ppa/ubuntu intrepid main
8.04： deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/happyaron/ppa/ubuntu hardy main

2.打开终端输入

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install openfetion

安装完成后在应用程序的互联网中可以找到Openfetion

转自：http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_51a5e5f40100rkq5.html

港澳台DNS服务器地址

香港：
205.252.144.228
208.151.69.65
202.181.202.140
202.181.224.2

澳门：
202.175.3.8
202.175.3.3

台湾：
168.95.192.1
168.95.1.1

国外DNS服务器地址

美国：
4.2.2.1
4.2.2.2
208.67.222.222
208.67.220.220
165.87.13.129
165.87.201.244
205.171.3.65
205.171.2.65
198.41.0.4
198.41.0.4
198.32.64.12
192.33.4.12
192.203.230.10
192.5.5.241
192.112.36.4
192.36.148.17
192.58.128.30
192.9.9.3
193.0.14.129
128.9.0.107
128.8.10.90
66.33.206.206.
208.96.10.221
66.33.216.216
205.171.3.65
205.171.2.65
165.87.13.129
165.87.201.244

加拿大：
209.166.160.36
209.166.160.132

英国：
193.0.14.129

日本
202.12.27.33
202.216.228.18

韩国：
164.124.101.31
203.248.240.31
168.126.63.60
168.126.63.61

新西兰：
202.27.184.3

泰国：
209.166.160.132
202.44.8.34
202.44.8.2

印度：
202.138.103.100
202.138.96.2

国内各省市DNS服务器地址

北京：
202.96.199.133
202.96.0.133
202.106.0.20
202.106.148.1
202.97.16.195
202.138.96.2

深圳：
202.96.134.133
202.96.154.15

广州：
61.144.56.100
61.144.56.101

广东：
202.96.128.86
202.96.128.143

上海：
202.96.199.132
202.96.199.133
202.96.209.5
202.96.209.133

天津：
202.99.96.68
202.99.104.68

广西：
202.96.128.68
202.103.224.68
202.103.225.68

河南：
202.102.227.68
202.102.245.12
202.102.224.68

河北：
202.99.160.68

福建：
202.101.98.54
202.101.98.55

厦门：
202.101.103.55
202.101.103.54

湖南：
202.103.0.68
202.103.96.68
202.103.96.112

湖北：
202.103.0.68
202.103.0.117
202.103.24.68

江苏：
202.102.15.162
202.102.29.3
202.102.13.141
202.102.24.35

浙江：
202.96.102.3
202.96.96.68
202.96.104.18

陕西：
202.100.13.11
202.100.4.16
202.100.4.15
202.100.0.68

山东：
202.102.154.3
202.102.152.3
202.102.128.68
202.102.134.68

山西：
202.99.192.68
202.99.198.6

四川：
202.98.96.68
61.139.2.69

重庆：
61.128.128.68

成都：
202.98.96.68
202.98.96.69

辽宁：
202.98.0.68
202.96.75.68
202.96.75.64
202.96.69.38
202.96.86.18
202.96.86.24

安徽：
202.102.192.68
202.102.199.68
10.89.64.5

吉林：
202.98.5.68
202.98.14.18
202.98.14.19

江西：
202.101.224.68
202.109.129.2
202.101.240.36

新疆：
61.128.97.74
61.128.97.73

贵州：
202.98.192.68
10.157.2.15

云南：
202.98.96.68
202.98.160.68

黑龙江：
202.97.229.133
202.97.224.68
219.150.32.132

海南：
202.100.192.68
202.100.199.8

宁夏：
202.100.0.68
202.100.96.68

甘肃：
202.100.72.13

内蒙古：
202.99.224.68

青海：
202.100.128.68

全球路由DNS服务器

全球只有13台路由DNS根服务器，在13台路由服务器中，名字分别为“A”至“M”，其中10台设置在美国，另外各有一台设置于英国、瑞典和日本。下表是这些机器的管理单位、设置地点及最新的IP地址。

名称　　管理单位及设置地点　　　　IP地址
A INTERNIC.NET（美国，弗吉尼亚州） 198.41.0.4
B 美国信息科学研究所（美国，加利弗尼亚州） 128.9.0.107
C PSINet公司（美国，弗吉尼亚州） 192.33.4.12
D 马里兰大学（美国马里兰州） 128.8.10.90
E 美国航空航天管理局[NASA]（美国加利弗尼亚州） 192.203.230.10
F 因特网软件联盟（美国加利弗尼亚州） 192.5.5.241
G 美国国防部网络信息中心（美国弗吉尼亚州） 192.112.36.4
H 美国陆军研究所（美国马里兰州） 128.63.2.53
I Autonomica公司（瑞典，斯德哥尔摩） 192.36.148.17
J VeriSign公司（美国，弗吉尼亚州） 192.58.128.30
K RIPE NCC（英国，伦敦） 193.0.14.129
L IANA （美国，弗吉尼亚州） 198.32.64.12

转自：http://www.williamlong.info/archives/1842.html